Sifat wujud zat

Selasa, 12 Februari 2013

PEWARISAN SIFAT

PEWARISAN SIFAT

Sifat itu dalam bahasa orang umum adalah ciri-ciri dari suatu individu.
Sifat berada (dibawa) oleh gen. Gen berada di dalam kromosom. Kromosom berada di dalam sel.
Individu multi selluler (misal: manusia) tersusun oleh sistem organ-sistem organ.
Sistem organ --->organ--->jaringan--->sel
di dalam sel ada organel-organel.
Salah satu organel adalah inti sel (nukleus).
Nukleus di dalamnya ada kromosom--->DNA--->gen
Jadi sifat yang akan diturunkan ke anaknya berkat informasi pada gen.
Tempat gen di dalam kromosom disebut LOKUS.
Gen ini dapat menyerap zat warna.
Sebenarnya di dalam kromosom berbentuk benang-benag halus.
Benang-benang halus yang dapat menyerap warna inilah disebut RETIKULUM KROMATIN.
RETIKULUM = jala yang halus;
KROMA = warna;
TIN = badan.
STRUKTUR KROMOSOM
 
Macam-macam bentuk kromosom:
 
 



















Dalam pembahasan persilangan yang diwariskan kepada turunannya perlu dikenal istilah-istilah di bawah ini.
Dominan= sifat yang menang, disimbulkan dengan huruf kapital. (misal: MM, atau HH)
Resedif = sifat yang dikalahkan oleh dominan, simbolnya mengikuti simbol huruf yang dominan
                 tetapi hurufnya kecil (mm atau hh)
P = singkatan dari PARIENTAL (INDUK)
G = singkatan dari GAMET
F = singkatan dari filial
FENOTIPE = sifat yang tampak (misal tampak tinggi, walaupun kadang-kadang membawa sifat
                       pendek)
GENOTIPE = sifat yang sesungguhnya (misal MM, atau HH)
HOMOZYGOT = sifat yang sama dari tiap jenis. misal MM atau mm
HETEROZYGOT = sifat yang tidak sama dalam tiap jenis (misal = Mm atau Hh)
Tugas Gen terdiri dari:
1. mengatur metabolisme dan
2. membawa sifat.
ALEL = anggota dari sepasang gen
Gamet berasal dari perpisahan dari gen
1. misal MM gametnya adalah M (hanya satu yang ditulis sedangkan yang lain tidak ditulis karna
    dicukupi oleh satu simbol)
2. misal Mm gametnya adalah M, m
3. misal AaBb gametnya AB, Ab, aB, dan ab (jadi ada empat gamet)
Perpisahan Mm menjadi M, m inilah menjadi hukum Mendel I
Perpisahan berkelompok misal MmKk menjadi MK, Mk, mK dan mk,
     (ini menurut hukum Mendel II)

Minggu, 20 Januari 2013

Kelangsungan Hidup Mahluk Hidup

SURVIVAL LIVING OF ORGANISM

ditentukan oleh:
a. adaptasi
b. seleksi alam
c. reproduksi

adaptasi adalah KEMAMPUAN MAKHLUK HIDUP DALAM MENYESUAIKAN DIRI DENGAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUPNYA
contoh adaptasi morfologi
- macam-macam paruh
- macam-macam kaki burung
- macam-macam mulut serangga
- macam-macam gigi mamalia (karnivora, herbivora dan karnivora)
- bentuk tubuh ikan
- ciri ciri bentuk tubuh tanaman xerofit
- ciri ciri bentuk tubuh tanaman hidrofit
- ciri ciri bentuk tubuh tanaman higrofit

Adaptasi tanaman xerofit

CIRI-CIRI:
- SISTEM PERAKARAN PANJANG
- DAUN TEBAL DAN SEMPIT, BEBERAPA JENIS BERUBAH MENJADI DURI
- PERMUKAAN DAUN DAN BATANG DILAPISI LAPISAN LILIN TEBAL
- STOMATA SEDIKIT
- MEMILIKI JARINGAN BERSPONS UNTUK MENYIMPAN CADANGAN AIR

Adaptasi tanaman Higrofit (TUMBUHAN YANG HIDUP DI LINGKUNGAN LEMBAB)

CIRI-CIRI:
- SISTEM PERAKARAN PENDEK
- DAUN TIPIS DAN LEBAR
- PERMUKAAN DAUN DILAPISI LAPISAN LILIN TIPIS
- JUMLAH STOMATA BANYAK


Adaptasi hidrofit
CIRI-CIRI:
- SISTEM PERAKARAN PENDEK
- DAUN TIPIS DAN LEBAR (flat leaves and wide)
- PERMUKAAN DAUN DILAPISI LAPISAN LILIN TIPIS (thin cuticles)
- STOMATA BANYAK (many stomata)
- BATANG BERONGGA

contoh adaptasi fisiologi
- jumlah Hemoglobin manusia di dataran rendah lebih sedikit dari pada manusia daratan tinggi 
- indra pencium anjing
- daun jagung menggulung
- IKAN LAUT BANYAK MINUM SEDIKIT URINE
- PENYESUAIAN MATA TRHADAP CAHAYA
- KETAJAMAN MATA KUCING
contoh Adaptasi Tingkah Laku
- BUNGLON BERUBAH WARNA
- CICAK MELEPASKAN EKORNYA KETIKA ADA PEMANGSANYA
- ANAK RAYAP MENJILAT PANTAT INDUKNYA UNTUK MENDPTKAN Flagellata
- KAKI SERIBU (MYRIAPODA) MENGGULUNG SETELAH DISENTUH
- MENGGURKAN DAUN PADA JATI
- Daun PUTRI MALU yang menutup
- HIBERNANSI beruang pada musim yang tdk sesuai

REPRODUKSI TUMBUHAN UNTUK KELANGSUNGAN HIDUP ORGANISME
1) Tunas, contoh: pisang, bambu, tebu.
2) Tunas adventif, contoh: sukun, cemara, cocor bebek.
    Tunas adventif, yaitu tunas yang tumbuh tidak pada ketiak daun atauujung ranting.
3) Umbi lapis, contoh: bawang merah (Allium cepa).
     Umbi lapis merupakan batang yang tumbuh di dalam tanah dengan 
     pelepah daun yang mengalami modifikasi teramat rapat membentuklapisan-lapisan 
     yang berfungsi untuk cadangan makanan.
4) Umbi batang, contoh: kentang (Solanum tuberosum) Umbi batang merupakan 
     batang yang berada di dalam tanah yangberfungsi sebagai cadangan makanan.
5) Rhizoma, contoh: jahe (Zingiber officinale). 
    Rhizoma merupakan batang yang tumbuh horizontal menyerupaiakar di dalam tanah.
6) Stolon atau geragih, contoh: strawberry (Fragaria sp.)
    Stolon, yaitu batang yang menjalar di atas permukaan tanah.

Selasa, 08 Januari 2013

Kompetensi Dasar Semester genap kelas 7

BASE COMPETENCE OF EVEN SEMESTER
SEVEN GRADE
ACADEMIC YEAR 2012-2013


5.1   Identifying and explain the different physical and chemical change, and its characteristic.
5.2   Identifying the presence of a chemical reaction based on a simple experiment
6.1   Identifying the properties of acid, base, or neutral a solution using litmus indicator, natural indicator and /or PH meter
6.2 Describing the solution acid or base properties
6.3 Explain the utilization of acid-base in clinical medicine
6.4 Explain the influence of acid rain on organism in irrigation and buildings.
7.1.     Determine an ecosystem and the interaction between its component
7.2.     Identifying the importance of the diversity of life in ecosystem conservation
7.3.     Predicting the influence of human population density on environment
7.4.     Applying human roles in managing the environment  to overcome pollution and the destruction of the environment
8.1.   Investigating the properties of each state of matter and their application in daily life
8.2.    Describing the concept of density observed in daily life
8.3.    Conducting an experiment of  expansion and its application in daily life
8.4.    Describing the role of heat in changing states of matter and the change of temperature of an object and its application in daily life

Selasa, 25 September 2012

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

EXCRETORY SYSTEM IN HUMAN
EXCRETION ORGAN CONSIST OF:
1. KIDNEY / REN = URINE
2. SKIN / INTEGUMAN = SWEAT
3. LIVER = GALL / BILE
4. PULMO / LUNG = WATER VAPOR + CO2

Kidney have 3 layer. There are :
1. cortex
2. medula
3. pelvis renalis

The function of kidney is filtering of blood.
Blood vessel that go into the renal is renal artery (arteri renalis)
Blood vessel coming out of the renal is renal vein (vena renalis)

The kidney compose many nefron.
The part of nefron devided 2, there are:
1. malphigi body
2. tubula

Malphigi body consist of:
1. glomerolus
2. capsula bowman

Tubula consist of:
1. tubulus contortus procsimal
2. tubulus contortus distal

The process of urine produce as follows
1. Filtration = it occur in the glomerolus
                       it produce primary urine
                       the substance filtration is globulin and protein
2. Reabsorbtion = it occur in tubulus contortus proksimal
                              it produce secondary urine
                              the substance reabsorbtion is glucose
3. Augmentation = it occur in the tubulus contortus distal
                               it produce urine
                               the waste substance from metabolisme, adding water etc.
after tubulus contortus distal urine distributed to tubulus kontortus colectifus.
Urine saved temporarily in pelvis renalis.
after pelvis renalis

The composed of skin layer consist of:
                  1. epidermis
                  2. dermis
                  3. hipodermis
Epidermis consist of 2 layer, there are:
                  1.
                  2.
Color of skin 
The function of skin (integumen) consist of :
                 -
                 -
The function of liver consist of:
                 - degradation the eritosit become iron substance, globin and heme.
                   Than heme produce gill/bile
                 - degradation of insulin
                 - degradation amonia become urea
 The function of pulmo (lung) consist of:
                - excretion of water vapor and
                - carbon dioxide

Kamis, 31 Mei 2012

indikator kisi-kisi final test 2011-2012

INDICATOR OF BLUE PRINT FINAL TEST OF EVEN 2011-2012


1 Presented four statement, student can determine about physical property
2 Given characteristics, so student can know which are chemical properties
3 Presented the result of observation, student determine physical properties
4 Given phenomena indicate so student can know what indicate change
5 Given changing states of matte, students can know which belong to chemical change
6 Given four phenomena in daily life, students can determine the example of chemical change
7 Student can know phenomena characteristic from chemical reaction
8 Given statements, student can know the correct statement about acids
9 Given table color change of litmus, students are able to determine the clasivication of substance
10 Given phenomena, student can know the phenomena caused by a reaction with base
11 Given reaction about salt making, student can determine constituent substances.
12 Given the names of organism, student are able to determine food chain correctly
13 Given statement about food chain, the student determine function of organism at ecosystem componen level.
14 Given several statement, the students determine a example of community.
15 Given exemple of groups of organism, Student able to determine ecosystem unit  level.
16 Given definition of preservation, students are able to determine  of kinds of preservation.
17 Given the figure food web, students determine the organism included in herbivore
18 Given the figure of food web, students determine the effect if one organism dead.
19 Given a statement, students detrmine a kind of preservation.
20 Given enveronment demage, student are able to determine  the causing loss of forest and agriculture.
21 Given graph relationship between food and population, students are determine relationship that right
22 Given several natural phenomena, student determine the cause of population explosion.
23 Given the figure garbage dump. Student can determine solution metod the demage environment.
24 Given the example pollutant, the student determine to effort business from original substance of pollutant.
25 Trought science about pollutan, the student determine thing that cause acid rain
26 Given four figures, student can determine picture particles in solid
27 Given statements of phenomena in daily life, students can determine about every body must be occupy a space.
28 Given four statement, student can determine which are the characteristic of solid
29 Given know mass, Volume from silver, student can determine its density
30 Given statement and figure about liquid, student can determine position a object
31 Given known mass, volume and weigth, student can able to determine formula of density
32 Given several of statement, student can determine the mean of density
33 Given the table of coefficient of linear expansion, the students are able to datermine bimetal after its heated 
34 Given figure the gaps between the ends of rail tracks so student can explain about that
35 Given figure aplication of expansion bimetal in daily life, student can determine why bimetallic strip is bending
36 Give statement and figure about liquid so student can know position of substance
37 Presented the water molecules at 100C, student can determine estimation that will happens on them
38 Presented the formula of heat, students determine the formula of temperatur change. 
39 Given application in daily life so student can known which of the principles of expansion and contraction of matter on our daily life
40 Given the statement energy, mass and specific heat capacity, student can measured temperature

Minggu, 20 Mei 2012

EXPANSION


Expansion of length
lT = lo + delta l
l = alfa x lo x delta T
Dl = change in length (m)
alfa  = coefficient of thermal expansion (oC-1)
lo  = Initial length (m)
delta T = change in temperature (oC)

Expansion of Area
AT = Ao + delta A
delta A = beta x  Ao x delta T
DA       = change in Area (m2)
beta          = coefficient of thermal expansion (oC-1)
Ao        = Initial Area (m2)
delta T  = change in temperature (oC)

Expansion of Volume
VT = Vo + DV
delta V = gamma x Vo  x delta T
delta V= change in Volume (m3)
gamma    = coefficient of thermal expansion (oC-1)
Vo = Initial Volume (m3)

delta T= change in temperature (oC)