Breathing is done by all organisms to produce energy.
Respiration is the exchange of Oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) gaseous that is done by all of living organisms to produce energy and oxidation waste of carbon dioxide and water vapour.
Human respiratory organs consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and lung.
There is have two narrow canal
Inside the nasal cavity is found :
a. mucilage membrane has function to catch smooth dust and bacteria
b. nostril hair has function to filter big dust particles.
The air that enters trough the nose will be warmed by capilary blood vissel.
2. Larynx
Located behind cavity and mouth cavity In front of esophagus
Larynx is composed :
a. epiglottis cartilage shield has function to block food enteringin to nasal cavity and throat (trachea).
b. cartilage ring
c. adam’s apple.
3. Trachea
There is respiratory tract.
The tract wall is found mucused smooth hair that has function as filter to dust / waste with sneeze method.
Trachea has two branches. One branch goes to the right and left of lung.
The branches trachea is called bronchus.
Bronchus is connector throat canal (trachea) and lung.
Bronchus has branches to be smaller branch called bronchioles.
Smooth vessel that finish in the smooth bulb called alveoli
4. Lung
Lung is the place of happening of absorbtion of O2 and expiration of CO2.
Lung is located above diaphragm muscle.
Diaphragm is separator that separates chest cavity with stomach cavity.
Lung is packed by lung membrane called pleura.
Inside body has two the lungs, those are:
a. the left lung has two lobes
b. the right lung has three lobes.
Alveolus has function to enlarge surface the O2 sucked will be more.
In this alveoli part O2 absorbtion process and the release of CO2 happen
The alveoli wall is very smooth and contains blood capillary vessel.
Hemoglobin bound O2 and form a bounding called oxyhemoglobin.
The blood that rich of O2 will flow from the lung to the heart. The blood from all of body that rich of CO2 will follow to heart , so enter into lung.
Reaction that happen in alveoli, those are:
1. Hb + O2 HbO2 (the happen when we take breath)2. HbCO2 Hb + CO2 (the happen when breath out)Persentage of gaseous that enter and quit from the lung.
Name of Gas | Air that enter to lung (%) | Air that quits from lung (%) |
N2 | 78 | 78 |
O2 | 21 | 18 |
CO2 | 0,04 | 3 |
Respiratory mechanism
One time breathing is one time taking breath (inspirasi) and one time releasing (expiration).
Enter and quit of air in lung happens because of the prefence of change of chest cavity volume when breath.
Inspiration happen causes:
1 chest cavity enlarge
2 pressure inside decreases
Expiration happen causes:
1 chest cavity decrease
2 pressure inside enlarge
Base one its methods, respiration is divided into two, those are:
1. Breast breathing 2. Abdominal Breathing
Breast Breathing
Is respiration by using ribs and sternum.
The mechanism of breast breathing are as follows:
a. Inspiration phase:
- Intercostals muscle contracts
- The position of ribs is lifted.
- Chest cavity becomes large
- The volume of lungs enlarges, but
- Pressure inside decrease, so O2 of external air into the lung.
b. Expiration phase:
- Intercostals muscle between ribs loose (relaxation)
- The position of ribs to the former.
- Chest cavity becomes smaller
- The volume of lungs smaller, but
- Pressure inside increase, so CO2 quits.
Abdominal Breathing
Is respiration by diaphragm muscle.
The mechanism of Abdominal Breathing are as follows:
a. Inspiration phase:
- Diaphragm contracts so its position is flat
- The chest cavity enlarge
- The volume of lungs enlarges, but
- Pressure inside decrease, so O2 of external air into the lung
b. Expiration phase:
- Diaphragm muscles loose (relaxation) so its position to the former
- The chest cavity smaller
- The volume of lungs smaller, but
- Pressure inside increase, so CO2 quits.
The amount of respiration influenced by several factor, those are:
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Activity
4. Position of body
Lung Capacity
Capacity in adult people is about 5 liters
Respiratory air = 0,5 liters Residual air = 1 liter Supplementary air = 2,5 liter
Complementary air = 1 liters Lung Vital Capacity = 4 liter
Lung total Capacity = 5 liter
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